which physiologic changes may occur during the first trimester of pregnancy? select all that apply.

Physiological Changes in Pregnancy: Diagnosis of PregnancyTrimestres and expiration dateA "normal" pregnancy, in the long term, is 40 weeks and can range from 37 to 42 weeks. It's divided into three quarters. Each quarter lasts between 12 and 14 weeks, or about 3 months. As you may be experiencing now, every quarter comes with your own specific hormonal and physiological changes. Being aware of the ways your growing baby is affecting your body will help you prepare better for these changes as they happen. It is also useful to be aware of specific risk factors (and associated medical tests) for each quarter. Many times the anxiety of pregnancy comes from the unknown. The more you know, the better you feel! Let's learn more about the stages of pregnancy and what you can expect. Pregnancy date The account starts with the first day of its last normal menstruation cycle and conception takes place in . The last of the first to the 12th week of pregnancy. Although you may not be pregnant during the first quarter, your body is going on as you accommodate your growing baby. In the first few weeks after conception, hormonal levels change significantly. Your uterus begins to support the growth of placenta and fetus, your body adds to your blood supply to bring oxygen and nutrients to the developing baby, and your heart rate increases. These changes accompany many before, such as:The first trimester is vital to your baby's development. The baby will develop all your organs by the end of the third month, so this is a crucial moment. It is important to maintain a , including adding an appropriate amount to help prevent neural tube defects. Avoid and drink. These habits, and any drug use (including some prescription drugs), have been linked to severe and . The first test you will take during this trimester will probably be one that verifies you are pregnant. You must take place 6 to 8 weeks after your last menstrual period. Your pregnancy will be confirmed by another urine test or blood test. A Doppler machine will be used, or a testament will be made to ensure that the baby has a heartbeat and to check the baby's health. Your doctor may also order a blood work pane to check your immunity, nutritional levels, and indicators on your baby's health. During the first quarter, the risk can be significant. If you are taking and avoiding harmful substances, you are already making your baby a huge service and lowering the risk of abortion. Some doctors advocate to cut caffeine, although it says moderate consumption (less than 200 mg/day) is fine. Deli meat and seafood should be avoided during pregnancy, especially during the first quarter. It is believed that this helps to reduce the chances of miscarriage even more and helps you stay healthy. Talk to a doctor about specific dietary changes you may need. The most important thing you can do for your baby is to be dedicated to honest and direct communication with your healthcare provider about the options you are taking and follow your advice. The first trimester is a good time to think about pregnancy, childbirth, and parenting classes, and register for those in your community or online. The (weeks 13 to 27) are typically the most comfortable time period for most pregnant people. Most early pregnancy symptoms will gradually disappear. It is likely that you will feel an increase in energy levels during the day and enjoy the dream of a more relaxed night. Your abdomen will begin to become pregnant, as the uterus will grow rapidly in size. It is a good time to invest in maternity wear, avoid restrictive clothing, and if you feel up to it, spread the news of your pregnancy to your friends and family. While early pregnancy discomfort should be relieved, there are some new symptoms to get used to. Common complaints include and . You may find yourself growing more than an appetite and weight gain will accelerate. Work on earning the weight amount recommended by your doctor. Walk, choose and talk to your doctor about weight gain in each visit, and it may be obvious. The second trimester is when most pregnant people can feel their baby moving for the first time, usually for 20 weeks. The baby can even hear and recognize his voice during the second quarter. Some can be done in the second quarter. Be sure to talk to your doctor about your medical history, family history, or genetic problems that might put you or your baby at risk. An anatomy ultrasound can be performed between weeks and . In this analysis, parts of the baby's body will be measured and evaluated to make sure they are working. These body parts include: In anatomy analysis, you may be able to discover your baby's sex. Tell your doctor if you would like to know or if you wouldn't. During the second trimester, doctors tend to test for . gestational diabetes can be detected between the 26th and 28th weeks of pregnancy. If you have a family history of diabetes or have risk factors for developing diabetes, it can be tested before., instructions will be given to drink a high glucose substance. After you drink it, you'll wait an hour before you get your blood. This test will ensure that your body reacts properly to sugar during pregnancy. The last of the week 28 until the birth of your baby. During the third quarter, you will start seeing your healthcare provider more often. Your doctor regularly: Your doctor will also determine your baby's position and check your cervix to monitor how your body is preparing for childbirth. Somewhere between weeks and , it will be projected for called bacteria. A simple hysop will be taken from your vaginal area before being sent for laboratory evaluation. Group B, also called GBS, may pose a serious threat to newborns if they are passed during delivery. If you are, you will receive antibiotics in childbirth to prevent the baby from receiving it. enter into force during the third quarter. It is recommended that you stay relatively close to your doctor or midwife in case you go to work early. Cruises will normally not allow people who are more than 28 weeks pregnant on board. Airlines, although they are allowed to fly, advise that they do so only with the permission of their healthcare provider. The third trimester is a good time to learn about . Take time to register for a kind of delivery. The delivery classes are designed to prepare you and your partner for delivery and delivery. It is a great way to learn about the different stages of work, the delivery options, and gives you the opportunity to ask any questions or express any concerns to a trained labor instructor. A long-term pregnancy can last from 37 to 42 weeks. It is really an estimated delivery date (EDD). It is dated from the first day of its last period, although it actually has two weeks or so after this date. The dating system works well for those who have fairly regular menstrual cycles. However, for those who have, the dating system may not work. If the date of its last menstrual period is uncertain, other methods may be needed to determine the DDD. The next most accurate method to determine the expected date is ultrasound in the first quarter, as early fetal development is fairly regular in all pregnancies. Pregnancy is a different time than any other in your life. It is important to see your healthcare provider regularly to ensure the best result. Babies born to regular recipients have better results. By taking your prenatal vitamins, attending each doctor's appointment and undergoing all recommended tests, you are doing everything you can to give your baby a healthy start in life. Last medical review on October 15, 2020 Read this next series of words

Prenatal care Module: 7. physiological changes during pregnancyStudy Session 7 Physiological Changes during pregnancyIntroductionDuring pregnancy, a woman's body changes in many ways due to the effect of hormones. These changes can sometimes be uncomfortable, but most of the time are normal and allow you to nourish and protect the fetus, prepare your body for work, and develop your breasts for milk production. Can you remember the definition of a study session 3 hormone? Hormones are chemicals that occur in the body, which circulate in the blood. Different hormones control or regulate the activity of different cells or organs. HormonesIn this study session, you will learn about some of the changes that occur during pregnancy in the uterus, cervix and vagina, cardiovascular system, gastrointestinal system and urinary system, and about changes in the breasts and skin. You will also learn about the implications of all these changes for you as a health worker who manages the health of pregnant women. By understanding normal changes in pregnancy, you can reassure women if they are concerned, and also detect and intervene more quickly if you notice any anomaly. A basic knowledge of these changes and adaptations is also essential to understand the results of laboratory tests that can be done in a health center during pregnancy. Learning results for the study session 7When you have studied this session, you should be able to correctly define and use all keywords printed in bold. (SAQ 7.6)bold7.2 Describe physiological changes in the female reproductive system during pregnancy and the consequences of these changes for pregnant women. (SAS 7.1 and 7.6)7.3 Describe the average changes in the body weight of pregnant women. (SAQ 7.2)7.4 Discuss changes in the cardiovascular system during pregnancy, and effects on blood pressure, heart output, blood volume, and concentration of red blood cells. (SAQs 7.3, 7.4 and 7.6)7.5 Recognize normal and abnormal changes in breathing, digestion, urinary system, skin and breasts of pregnant women, including the production of collostrum. (SAQs 7.5 and 7.6)7.1 physiological changes in the female reproductive system during pregnancy7.1 Changes in estrogen and progesterone In study sessions 3, 4 and 5 you learned about the main female reproductive hormones, estrogen and progesterone, and their functions in preparing the uterus for pregnancy. Estrogen and progesterone are also the main hormones during pregnancy. A woman will produce more oestrogen during a pregnancy than during her lifetime when she is not pregnant. During pregnancy, oestrogen promotes the flow of maternal blood within the uterus and placenta. How does oestrogen play an important role in the development of the fetus? By promoting maternal blood flow to the uterus and placenta ensures that the fetus is supplied with nutrients and oxygen for its development, and that foetus waste products are eliminated in the mother's blood. (You learned about this at the study session 5.) Progesterone levels of a pregnant woman are also very high. Among other effects, high levels of progesterone cause some internal structures to increase their size, including the uterus, allowing you to accommodate a long-term baby. It has other effects on blood vessels and joints, which we will discuss later in this study session. 7.1.2 Changes in the uterus, cervix and vagina After conception, the uterus provides a nutritious and protective environment in which the fetus will grow and develop. Increases the size of a small pear in your non-pregnant state to accommodate a long-term baby to 40 weeks of gestation. The tissues of which the uterus is made continue to grow during the first 20 weeks, and increases by weight from about 50 to 1,000 g (grams). After this time, it has no weight, but it stretches to accommodate the baby in growth, placenta and amniotic fluid. By the time the pregnancy has reached its full term, the uterus will have increased approximately five times its normal size: What causes these changes? Hormonal progesterone is primarily responsible. At 12 weeks of gestation (near the end of the first trimester, that is, three months period), the bottom (minimum upper body of the uterus) can be palpated (sensed) through the abdomen above the pubic bone (public sympathy). The size of the uterus usually reaches its peak to a gestation of 36 weeks (see Figure 7.1). After how many weeks of pregnancy the bottom can be palpated at the height of the woman's umbilicus (belly-button), according to Figure 7.1? About 20 weeks. The uterus may fall slightly as the fetal head settles in the pelvis, preparing for delivery. Note the position at 40 weeks of gestation, which is shown as a marked line in Figure 7.1. This descent is known as "lightening". It is more noticeable in a primitive (pregnant for the first time) than in a multi-grade (a woman who has been pregnant previously, regardless of her outcome). The cervix remains 2.5 cm long during pregnancy. In late pregnancy, the softening of the cervix occurs in response to growing painless contractions of its muscle walls. The vagina also becomes more elastic towards the end of the pregnancy. These changes allow you to delay during the second stage of work, as the baby passes through the birth channel. (You will learn all about this in the next Work and Delivery Care Module.)7.2 Changes related to pregnancy in posture and joints The posture of a pregnant woman changes as the baby gets bigger. Its abdomen is transformed from flat or concave (dished) to very convex (swimming out), increasing the curvature of its back. The weight of the fetus, the extended uterus, the placenta and the amniotic fluid (the water bag that surrounds the baby), together with the growing curvature of his back, puts a great strain on the bones and muscles of the woman. As a result, many pregnant women have back pain. Too much standing in a place or leaning forward can cause back pain, and so it can last the physical work. Most types of back pain are normal in pregnancy, but it can also be a warning sign of a kidney infection. (You will learn to identify kidney infections in the study session 18.)In addition, progesterone causes a loosening of ligaments and joints throughout the body. Pregnant women may be at greater risk of sprains and strains because ligaments are weaker, and because their posture has changed. 7.3 Changes in body weight during pregnancy Continuous weight gain in pregnancy is considered to be a favourable indication of maternal adaptation and fetal growth. However, the routine weight of the mother during pregnancy is not considered necessary, as it does not correlate well with the results of the pregnancy. For example, there may be a slight weight loss during early pregnancy if the woman experiences a lot of nausea and vomiting (often called "disease bite"). You will learn more about this and other minor pregnancy disorders in the study session 12, later in this module. The expected weight gain of a healthy woman in an average pregnancy, where there is a single baby, is as follows: deadly disease A woman who is pregnant with more than one baby will have a higher weight gain than a woman with only one fetus. You will also need a higher calorie diet. (You will learn a lot about diet and healthy nutrition in pregnancy at the study session 14 of this module.) A lack of significant weight gain may not be a cause for concern in some women, but it may be an indication that the fetus is not growing properly. Doctors and midwives may refer to this as a restriction of intrauterine (IUGR) growth of the fetus. 7.4 Changes in the cardiovascular system The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels (veins and arteries), and the blood that circulates around the body. It is the transport system that provides oxygen and nutritious substances absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract to all cells, tissues and organs of the body, which allows them to generate the energy they need to perform their functions. It also returns carbon dioxide, the product of breathing residues, to the lungs, where it breathes. The chemical processes that go in the body generate many waste products, which the blood carries to the kidneys and liver, where they are removed. Other cardiovascular system functions include regulation of body temperature and circulation and delivery of hormones and other agents that regulate body functions. There are several significant changes in this complex system during pregnancy. 7.4.1 The heart The heart can increase its size during pregnancy due to an increase in its workload. Why do you think the workload of the heart has to increase? Because you have to pump blood through the placenta, fetus and the uterus much larger and abdomen of the pregnant woman. The amount of blood that is pumped out of the heart every minute is called the heart output. Table 7.1 shows how it increases during pregnancy. Heart outputThe condition of man Heart output (liter per minute) not pregnant, resting2.5end of the first quarter5end of the second quarter6full-term7 The increase in heart output is due to two changes in how the heart works: Heart output is calculated by multiplying the heart rate and stroke volume. During the second trimester of pregnancy, the heart of the resting mother is working 40% more than in her non-pregnant state. Most of this increase results from a more efficient performant heart, which drives more blood out to each beat. 7.4.2 Blood volume The blood volume (the total blood volume in the circulation, measured in litres) gradually increases by 30-50 % in the pregnant woman, so in the long term it has about 1.5 liters more blood than before pregnancy. A higher circulating blood volume is required to provide additional blood flow through the placenta, so nutrients and oxygen can be delivered to the fetus. The increase in blood volume is caused by two changes: Blood plasma volume increases after the sixth week of pregnancy. It reaches its maximum level of approximately 50% above non-pregnant values for the second quarter, and maintains this to the full term. The total volume of red cells in circulation increases by approximately 18% during pregnancy, in response to the extra oxygen requirements of the maternal, placental and fetal tissues. Red blood cells contain the oxygen-bearing substance called haemoglobin, which is iron-rich (see box 7.1). Taking iron supplements during pregnancy can lead to a much higher increase in red blood cells, up to 30% more than non-pregnant levels. Haemoglobin is pronounced 'heem oh gloh binn'. Iron is present in all cells and has several important functions, including oxygen transport and storage in the human body. It is the critical component of haemoglobin of oxygen-bearing substances, which is found in all red blood cells. It is the iron of hemoglobin that makes these cells look red. If the diet is too low in iron, the person cannot make enough red blood cells. Iron is also involved in the storage and release of oxygen in the muscles. Anemia is defined more precisely as a low concentration of hemoglobin in the blood, but is often known as a low concentration of red blood cells. Too little iron in the diet is the main cause of anemia. The measurement of haemoglobin is expressed using its chemical symbol (Hb), and its weight in grams (gm) by decilitre (dl) of blood. A decilitre equals 10 milliliters (ml). The World Health Organization recommends that the hemoglobin of pregnant women should not fall below 11 grams of haemoglobin by blood deciliter (Hb 11g/dl). (You will learn more about anemia and its treatment at the study session 18.) Although there is a steady increase in the number of red blood cells in circulation during pregnancy, the increase in blood plasma volume is much higher. So, although the pregnant woman has more red blood cells than before she gets pregnant, she dilutes in the much larger volume of blood plasma. What effect will this have in the concentration of red blood cells and haemoglobin in the blood of the pregnant woman, compared to her unpregnant self? The concentration of red blood cells and haemoglobin will fall because they are more diluted, so the blood of the woman will be slightly anemic. This effect is called physiological anemia. It explains why iron in the diet, or iron tablets, is so important during pregnancy. physiological anemia7.4.3 Bacterial pressure in pregnancy We said earlier that progesterone makes ligaments and joints loose during pregnancy. It also acts with some other natural chemicals in the body to make the muscle walls of the blood vessels relax slightly. The result is that there is less resistance to blood flow around the body, because the same volume of blood circulates in slightly wider blood vessels. Blood pressure (BP) refers to how hard the blood is "pushing" on the walls of the main blood vessels, as it is pumped around the body by the heart. BP arterial pressure What effect will the slight relaxation of the walls of the blood vessels have on the blood pressure of the pregnant woman? It will be lower than in its pre-pregnant state, because the same volume of blood has more space in which to circulate. Low blood pressure is particularly common in early pregnancy. Many women report occasionally feeling dizzy in the first quarter, because less blood and less oxygen is being pumped into the brain. Progesterone can also cause a greater sudden relaxation in the blood vessels, leading to an acute feeling of dizziness, or even a short loss of consciousness (off). Another cause of dizziness may result from lying on your back. This is more common after 24 weeks of pregnancy, but it may occur before during twin pregnancies, or conditions that increase the volume of amniotic fluid (waters surrounding the fetus). When a pregnant woman is lying on her back, the weight of her uterus and its content compresses the large blood vessel (vena cava) leading from her lower body to the heart. When this blood vessel is crushed, blood flow is reduced to the heart, which in turn leads to a reduction in the blood flow of the heart to the rest of the body. If suddenly there is less blood coming out of the heart, what will happen to the woman's blood pressure, and how will it feel as a result? Lying on your back may result in a sudden and dramatic drop in blood pressure, and dizziness or loss of consciousness may occur because not enough oxygen is reaching your brain. After the first quarter, pregnant women are recommended not to lie in the back. 7.4.4 Exercise and Blood Flow in Pregnancy The weight gain in pregnant women increases the body's workload of any physical activity. Ordained and nonviolent exercise is good for the mother because she prepares her body for work (Figure 7.2), but sudden strong exercise, or working for too many hours without rest, can make her feel dizzy. This is because reduced blood pressure and mild physiological anemia cannot keep pace with your body's demand for more oxygen. A pregnant woman should not exercise where she is lying on her back, due to the compression of the main blood vessels that give her blood back to the heart. Strong exercise may lead to lower blood flow to the uterus because blood is diverted to muscles, but this has not been shown to have long-term effects on the baby. Pregnant women should not exercise vigorously in the hot climate, or if they do so without breath, or if there are risk factors known as the history of abortion. 7.4.5 Edema in pregnancy Oedema is pronounced 'ee dee mah'. If a pregnant woman experiences severe edema, including swelling of the face, this is a danger sign that requires immediate referral to the nearest health facility. A combination of the slight increase in the permeability of the smaller blood vessels (which allow more fluid to escape into the tissues), the additional weight of the uterus and the descending force of gravity, decrease the speed at which the blood is pumped back to the heart from the lower half of the body. Liquid often accumulates in the tissues of the legs and feet of pregnant women after the first quarter, rather than being absorbed in the blood circulation. The inflammation caused by this collection of fluid is called oedema.oedema It is a common condition in pregnant women, especially if they remain for a long time during the day. The edema of hands can also occur. Advise the woman to rest frequently and lift (lift) her feet and legs while sitting. This will improve the return of the blood to your heart and decrease the swelling of your legs. 7.5 Respiratory changesDuring pregnancy, the amount of air moved inside and outside the lungs increases by almost 50% due to two factors: During pregnancy, many women find that they do not breathe (cannot breathe as deeply as usual). This is because the growing baby fills the lungs of the mother and has less space to breathe. But if a woman is also weak and tired, or if she is short of breath all the time, it should be checked for signs of disease, heart problems, anemia or poor diet. Get medical advice if you think you may have any of these problems. 7.6 Changes in the gastrointestinal system in pregnancy As you can remember from your secondary biology, food and fluids enter the gastrointestinal system in your mouth, go through the esophagus, stomach, and intestines, and solid waste outputs in the anus. This very long tube from mouth to anus is often called the 'gut'. Proteins, fats and carbohydrates in our diet are decompose (digested) in the intestine in small enough units to be absorbed from the intestines in nearby blood vessels. It is also the route through which nutritious substances such as vitamins and minerals enter the body. Gastrointestinal systemDuring pregnancy, the walls of the gastrointestinal system relax slightly, and the rate at which the stomach food is squeezed and along the intestines slows down. Can you think of a reason why stopping the passage of food through the gastrointestinal system could be beneficial in pregnancy? Increases the time available for digestion, and maximizes the absorption of nutrients from the diet. Undesirable effects also result from slow stomach emptying, and slow movement of food through the gut. Can you suggest one of these undesirable effects? Many pregnant women experience constipation (difficulty in feces that pass). Many women also have nausea in the first months of pregnancy. A burning sensation, or pain in the stomach or between the breasts, is called indigestion (or "heartburn", although the heart is not involved). It happens because as the pregnancy progresses, the growing baby loves the mother's stomach and pushes it higher than usual (Figure 7.3). Acids in the mother's stomach that help digest food are pushed to her chest, where they cause a burning sensation. This is not dangerous and usually disappears after birth. If the mother has difficulty with nausea or indigestion, advise her to eat small and frequent meals. The mother should not lie flat for 1 to 2 hours after eating, because this can cause these symptoms. In the study session 12 you will learn more about minor disorders of pregnancy, such as these, and how to help women manage them. 7.7 Changes in the urinary system during pregnancy The urinary system consists of the kidneys (a couple of organs on both sides of the abdomen near the back), the tubes that connect the kidneys to the bladder where the urine is stored, and a tube called the urethra that passes the urine out of the body. (Look at Figure 3.1 in the study session 3, to remember the position of the bladder and urethra.) The kidneys extract residue from the blood and turn it into urine. They must work harder to filter the mother's own waste products from her blood, in addition to those of the fetus, and get rid of them in her urine. Therefore, there is also an increase in the amount of urine produced during pregnancy. Need to urinate (pee) is often normal, especially in the first and last months of pregnancy. This happens because the growing uterus presses against the bladder. In late pregnancy, a woman often has to get up during the night to urinate, because the fluid retained in the legs and feet during the day (edema) is absorbed in the blood circulation when her legs rise in bed. The kidneys extract excess fluid and turn it into urine, so the bladder is filled more quickly at night. 7.8 Skin changes Changes in women's hormones, and mechanical stretching of your abdomen and growing breasts, are responsible for several changes in the skin during pregnancy. 7.8.1 Nigra Line This dark line may appear between the umbilicus (belly button) and the pubic sympathy (peasant bone); in some pregnant women it may spread as high as the sternum (the bone between the breasts). It is an excessive production of brown material (pigment) induced by hormones in the skin cells in this area. After delivery, the line starts to fade, although it can never disappear completely. 7.8.2 Mask of Pregnancy (chloasma) Some women produce a brown pigmentation of the skin on the face and forehead, known as the "mask of pregnancy" (or chlorase). It looks like a bronze. It starts around the 16th week of pregnancy and gradually increases, but it usually fades after delivery. You will learn more about it in the study session 8.7.8.3 Stretch marks As the weight of the woman increases, the stretching of the skin occurs over areas of maximum growth: the abdomen, thighs and breasts. Pink or brown stretch marks may appear in some women, which may be quite dramatic. They usually fade after delivery, although they never disappear completely. 7.8.4 sweat glands The activity of the sweat glands throughout the body usually increases during pregnancy, which makes the woman perspire (sweep) more profusingly than usual, especially in the hot weather or during physical work. 7.9 Changes in the breasts In early pregnancy, breasts may feel full or tiled, and increase their size as the pregnancy progresses. The areola around the nipples (the circle of the pigmented skin) is darkened and the diameter increases. The Montgomery glands (small blows in the areola) are enlarged and tend to protrude (slide more). The superficial blood vessels of the breast can be visible due to increased circulation, and this can give a bluish dye to the breasts. For the 16th week (for the second quarter), the breasts begin to produce collostrum. This is the precursor of breast milk. It is a yellowish secretion of nipples, which thickens as the pregnancy progresses. It is extremely high in proteins and contains antibodies (special proteins produced by the mother's immune system) that help protect the newborn from infection. Near the end of the pregnancy, nipples can produce enough colostrum to make wet patches in women's clothing. Make sure this is normal and a good sign. After the baby is born, the colostrum occurs for about three first days, before the proper milk begins to flow. Make sure the mother breastfeeds the colostrum to her baby, so he or she gets all the nutrients and antibodies it contains. At the study session 8, you will find some signs of these physiological changes in pregnancy again, when you learn to diagnose whether a woman is pregnant, and how to gather information about her 'pregnancy history'. Summary of Study Session 7At Study Session 7, you have learned that: Self-assessment Issues for Study Session 7Now that you have completed this study session, you can evaluate how well you have achieved your learning results by answering these questions. Write your answers in your Study Journal and discuss them with your tutor at the next Study Support Meeting. You can consult your answers with the Self-Assessment Questions at the end of this Module. SAQ 7.1 (tests Learning Outcome 7.2) What causes back pain in pregnant women? The back pain is common in pregnant women because their posture changes to accommodate the weight of the growing uterus. The back curves inwards and the curved belly out, putting the tension on the back, which can cause pain. SAQ 7.2 (tests Learning Outcome 7.3) A pregnant woman won 2 kg in the first 20 weeks of pregnancy, then 0.5 kg a week during the next 10 weeks, then 0.1 kg during the last 10 weeks. What is your total long-term weight gain? What does this suggest? The weight gain of this woman was normal during the first 30 weeks of her pregnancy: she got 2 kg in the first 20 weeks and 0.5 kg each week during the next ten weeks. However, it is expected to earn 0.5 kg per week from 30 to 40 weeks, but its weight gain was reduced to 0.1 kg per week in this period. It is not possible to know whether this slow weight gain near the end of the pregnancy is a sign that the fetus is not developing normally, but it must certainly be investigated in a health center. Some women have normal pregnancies without having a lot of weight, but in others it is a sign of intrauterine (IUGR) growth restriction of the fetus. SAQ 7.3 (tests Learning Outcome 7.4) Why is it important for pregnant women to have more iron-rich foods in their diet, or to take iron tablets? Pregnant women often experience mild physiological anemia because their blood volume increases faster than the increase in the number of red blood cells in their circulation. Iron is required for the production of haemoglobin, the oxygen-bearing substance in the red blood cells. If a woman does not have enough iron in her body, she will not be able to make enough red blood cells, so her anemia could become serious. Eating a diet that contains many iron-rich foods, or taking iron tablets, helps you make enough red blood cells to carry the oxygen that she needs and her growing fetus. SAQ 7.4 (tests Learning Outcome 7.4) What could happen to a pregnant woman if she is lying on her back? Explain your answer. If a pregnant woman is lying on her back, the weight of her uterus presses on the larger blood vessel (the vena cava) turning blood from her body to her heart. This in turn leads to less blood that pumps from your heart to the rest of your body, so your blood pressure suddenly falls. You may experience dizziness, or even a loss of consciousness, because not enough oxygen is reaching your brain. SAQ 7.5 (tests Learning Outcome 7.5) What information could help you make a decision about the need for medical advice when a pregnant woman has a lack of breath? Breathlessness is common in pregnancy as the uterus grows and fills the lungs of the mother, so it has less space to breathe. But if she is also weak, tired, and little breath all the time, you should refer to her for medical advice. It could be anemic, or have heart problems, or possibly your diet is poor. SAQ 7.6 (tests learning results 7.1, 7.2, 7.4 and 7.5) Which of the following statements is false? In every case, say why it's wrong. A Flat bed is recommended after a meal for pregnant women because it helps digestion. B Frequent urination in late pregnancy is normal because the uterus presses the bladder. C Heart rate, volume of strokes and heart output increase during pregnancy. D Edema in pregnancy gets worse during the night. The pigmentation may appear on the face, or as a dark line in the abdomen in some pregnant women. F Collostrum should not be fed to newborn babies. G Progesterone makes the uterus grow in size to accommodate the growing fetus. A is false. The linen after a meal is not recommended in pregnancy and does not help digestion. The contents of the pregnant woman's stomach will be pushed up into her esophagus in her chest if she is lying down, and the acids that digest her food can cause a burning sensation known as "heartburn."B is true. Frequent urination in late pregnancy is normal because the uterus presses the bladder and may contain less urine. C's true. Heart rate, stroke volume, and heart output increase during pregnancy, because the larger body of the woman, uterus and fetus need a greater blood flow to provide nutrients and oxygen. D is fake. Edema in pregnancy usually improves during the night. Fluids that collect on the woman's legs during the day are absorbed in her bloodstream when her legs rise in bed at night. And it's true. The pigmentation may appear on the face, or as a dark line in the abdomen in some pregnant women. F is fake. Collostrum should always be fed to newborn babies. It is rich in proteins and contains the mother's antibodies, which help protect the baby from infection. G is true. Progesterone causes the uterus to increase in size to accommodate the growing fetus. Except for third-party materials and/or otherwise declared (see ) the content in OpenLearn is released for use under the terms of . In short, this allows you to use the content worldwide without payment for non-commercial purposes in accordance with non-commercial Creative Commons Share license. Please read this license in full along with the terms of OpenLearn and conditions before making use of the content. 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Maternal physiological changes in pregnancy - Wikipedia

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Maternal physiological changes in pregnancy - Wikipedia